The Paleo Diet (Caveman Diet)

Nutrition science continues to reveal new findings - almost daily - about healthy eating. However, some experts say all we need to do is eat like our stone age ancestors to be healthy.
The Caveman diet, also called the Paleolithic (or Paleo), Stone Age, Hunter Gatherer or Warrior Diet, is a plan based on eating plants and wild animals, similar to those cavemen are presumed to have eaten around 10,000 years ago.
Why turn back the hands of time and eat that way? The premise is that our bodies are genetically programmed to eat like our Paleolithic ancestors.
Proponents claim it's the biologically appropriate diet that suits us best, with the proper balance of nutrients to promote health and reduce the incidence of chronic diseases.

Paleo (Caveman) diet: What supporters say

Eating like our ancient ancestors, is healthy says Professor Loren Cordain, author of The Paleo Diet. He says: "Clinical trials have shown that the Paleo diet is the optimum diet that can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, blood pressure, markers of inflammation, help with weight loss, reduce acne and promote optimum health and athletic performance."
Supporters of this nutritional approach have published papers and books and created web sites, to promote it. They argue that today's typical Western diet is responsible for the epidemic levels of obesity, heart disease, diabetes and other health problems.
The Paleo or Caveman diet is not without controversy. Some nutrition experts assert that humans have adapted to a broader diet, including whole grains, dairy products and legumes. Others question the evidence for the diet’s evolutionary logic.
Even though grains and dairy seem healthy, Professor Cordain says our "genome has not really adapted to these foods, which can cause inflammation at the cellular level and promote disease".

The Caveman diet: What you can eat

The diet is based on the foods that could be hunted, fished and gathered during the Paleolithic era - meat, fish, shellfish, eggs, tree nuts, vegetables, roots, fruits and berries.
However, a true paleolithic diet is impossible to mimic because wild game is not readily available and most modern plant food is cultivated rather than wild and meats are domesticated.
At best, you can eat a modified version of the original diet that's gluten-free and includes lean meat, organ meats, fish, poultry, eggs, vegetables, fruit and nuts.
You won’t find any dairy, grains, sugar, legumes, potatoes, processed oils or any foods that were grown after agriculture started.
On this diet you'd skip salt and any drinks other than water, coconut water or organic green tea.
You can satisfy your sweet tooth with raw honey or coconut palm sugar, but only in limited quantities.
Some versions of the plan encourage fasting, eating raw foods and eliminating "nightshade" vegetables (tomatoes, aubergine).
Some plans allow a little flexibility, like adding some processed oils from fruits and nuts, such as olive and flaxseed oil.
Supporters suggest eating organic plant foods, wild-caught fish and grass-fed meats because they're closer to the nutritional quality of the foods of our ancestors.

The Caveman diet: How it works

Supporters of the Paleo diet say people are genetically programmed to eat like cavemen did before the agricultural revolution. They also say it's a way to cut the spiralling cases of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and other chronic conditions.
That's because a diet rich in lean protein and plant foods contains fibre, protein and fluids that work together to satisfy, control blood sugar and prevent weight gain and type 2 diabetes.
You may not need to eat this way all the time. According to Professor Cordain, eating like our ancestors 80% of the time offers health benefits. He suggests trying the diet for two weeks to see if you feel better on the plan.
The plan also encourages people to be physically active on a regular basis. After all, hunter-gathers had active daily lives seeking food, water and shelter.

The Caveman diet: Experts' views

Nutrition experts have been clamouring for years for a cleaner diet based on whole foods, lean meats, fruits, vegetables and less sugar, sodium and processed foods.

However, they also typically include low-fat dairy, legumes and whole grains, based on the wealth of research that supports the role of these foods in a healthy, well-balanced diet.

Dr Áine O'Connor, nutrition scientist with the British Nutrition Foundation tells us: "The Paleo or paleolithic diet has some positive aspects in that lean meats, fruits, vegetables and foods containing less sugar and salt are encouraged, but it has limitations, namely by excluding certain food groups such as milk and dairy foods, which can lead to nutrient deficiencies in the long term.
"Overall, the Paleo diet is not sustainable due to lack of variety and the potential for nutrient deficiencies."
The British Dietetic Association refers to the Caveman diet as a fad diet. It says it comes in several variations but, in general, is based on eating one main meal per day between the hours of five and seven in the evening, when hunters are thought to have come back with the goods. The remainder of the day involves grazing on foods such as nuts and dried fruit.

It says the key to losing weight and maintaining weight loss long term is having regular meals and cautions that nuts and dried fruits, though high in nutrients, are also high in energy (calories) that can add up.
David Katz, author of Way to Eat, says eating more foods direct from nature is far better than the diet most people typically eat, but adds: "How the Paleo-type diet compares in terms of long-term outcomes to an Asian, Mediterranean, vegan or other optimised diet, we just don’t know."

The Caveman diet: Food for thought

A diet that includes whole, unprocessed foods is the basis of most healthy diet recommendations, but so are whole grains, low-fat dairy and legumes.
Including these food groups will help meet nutritional needs and contribute to a well-balanced diet plan. You can satisfy dietary requirements without these foods but that requires careful planning and supplementation.
If the Paleo or Caveman diet appeals to you, consider supplementing the plan with calcium and vitamin D after speaking to your GP or a registered dietitian.
Eliminating all grains, dairy, processed foods and sugar will probably lead to weight loss but it may be tough to follow this plan long term due to the diet's restrictive nature.


 

By Kathleen M. Zelman, MPH, RD, LD
WebMD Feature

Medically Reviewed by Dr Rob Hicks

Kathleen Zelman is director of nutrition for WebMD. Her opinions and conclusions are her own.

 

SOURCES:
Heather Mangieri, MS, RD, American Dietetic Association spokeswoman; owner, Nutrition Check Up.
Keith Ayoob, EdD, RD, associate professor, Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
Dr David Katz, MPH, director, Prevention Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine; author, What to Eat.
Loren Cordain, PhD, author, The Paleo Diet; professor, Colorado State University.
Eaton, S. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, February 2006; vol 65: pp 1-6.
The British Dietetic Association.
Dr Áine O'Connor Nutrition Scientist, The British Nutrition Foundation.

Reviewed on January 11, 2012

© 2012 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.

 

10 diet rules meant to be broken

Some food dos and don'ts are best ignored, experts say.

WebMD Medical Reference

Medically Reviewed by Dr Rob Hicks

Do these diet truisms ring any bells in your mind?:

• Don't eat before bedtime or you'll gain weight.
• Missing meals will help you lose the pounds.
• If you want to stay on a diet, eat at the same time every day.

Experts say these are among dozens of silly food 'rules' we often try to follow to the letter. Some are half-truths, some are complete myths, and some are clearly more harmful than others, but most of them won't help you lose weight or make dieting any easier.

10 food rules to ignore

 

1. Eating at night will pile on the pounds.
It's the total calories you consume over a 24-hour period - and more often, over a week - that causes you to gain weight, and when you eat those calories doesn't matter. That said, because you may be more tired at night, your resolve may be lower, so you may tend to eat larger portions, or more high-calorie foods, than you would during the day. But as long as you keep an eye on calories and portion size, feel free to set your hunger alarm to the time that suits your lifestyle.

2. It's best to eat at the same times every day.
Eating when you're hungry rather than when the clock says it's time to eat is a better strategy than eating at the same time every day. While it can help to keep some consistency to mealtimes, forcing yourself to eat when you're not hungry - or forcing yourself to wait when you are - only makes it harder to stick to your diet. If you must eat at a certain time,  for example, during a set lunch break at work - cut yourself some slack the rest of the day and eat only when your stomach says it's time.

3. Dieting with a friend always makes weight loss easier.
No one doubts that companionship and common goals can pay off for dieters. But there are some instances in which the buddy system may work against you and your friend.
If one friend fails and the other doesn't, it could upset the balance. Also if one friend falls off the diet wagon, the other may follow suit. Ultimately, weight loss is a personal journey. If you find it's easier with a friend, remember to compete only against yourself - not each other.

4. Dietary fat keeps you feeling full longer, so you'll eat less.
This was a well-accepted food rule for many years but new research has challenged this logic. It has shown that while fat does take longer to digest, it's actually the least satiating of any food group so it won’t help you control your appetite. The foods likely to stave off hunger the longest are protein foods, followed by carbohydrates, then fats.

5. When you disrupt your diet, you might as well wait until the next day to get back on track.
Nothing could be farther from the truth. Every meal matters, so if you ate a big piece of birthday cake at lunch time, you can still get back on track with your next meal. You don't have to have a full day of healthy eating in order for it to count.

6. Refusing food at a party or when visiting is rude.
If you had diabetes, or a severe food allergy to something, you wouldn't think twice about turning down food you weren't sure of - and you should feel that same sense of priority in turning down a food that you know will disrupt your diet - most people will understand.

7. Missing a meal every now and then will help you lose weight.
Missing a meal means you will be so hungry at the next meal that you are likely to overeat, say experts.  Not only that, missing meals can actually help lead to a slowdown of your metabolism, meaning you'll burn fewer calories.

8. Bread is fattening, nuts are fattening, pasta is fattening.
It's not what you eat that contributes to weight gain, it's how much you eat that matters most.
Whole wheat bread, for example, is a great source of nutrients, and it won't make you gain weight more than any other food with the same number of calories.

9. All calories are equal.
While it's true that 1,400 calories is 1,400 calories, experts say certain foods have a greater ability to fill you up before they fill you out. These tend to be fibre-rich, water-rich foods, like fruit, vegetables, and whole grains.
All calories are equal if all you're doing is counting calories to lose weight but if you care about how you are losing weight, or controlling your hunger, or the health of your body, then all calories are not of equal value.

10. If you don't clean your plate, you're wasting food.
Tying emotions to eating (like when you feel guilty about leaving food on your plate) sets the stage for emotional overeating. If you've been taught that cleaning your plate is the best way to show appreciation for a meal, consider showing your gratitude with verbal praise instead.
Food is simply a source of fuel for the body - not an emotional payoff or payment. If you don't feel right leaving the table until you've cleaned your plate, put less food on your plate to begin with.

SOURCES: Elizabeth Somer, MA, RD, author, 10 Habits That Mess Up a Woman's Diet. Abby Aronowitz, PhD, author, Your Final Diet; director, SelfHelpDirectives.com; Samantha Heller, MS, RD, senior clinical nutritionist, New York University Medical Center, USA.

Reviewed on February 20, 2012

© 2012 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.

Preventing Weight Gain

 

If you're currently at a healthy weight, you're already one step ahead of the game. To stay at a healthy weight, it's worth doing a little planning now.

Or maybe you are overweight but aren't ready to lose weight yet. If this is the case, preventing further weight gain is a worthy goal.

As people age, their body composition gradually shifts — the proportion of muscle decreases and the proportion of fat increases. This shift slows their metabolism, making it easier to gain weight. In addition, some people become less physically active as they get older, increasing the risk of weight gain.

The good news is that weight gain can be prevented by choosing a lifestyle that includes good eating habits and daily physical activity. By avoiding weight gain, you avoid higher risks of many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoarthritis, and some forms of cancer.

Choosing an Eating Plan to Prevent Weight Gain

So, how do you choose a healthful eating plan that will enable you to maintain your current weight? The goal is to make a habit out of choosing foods that are nutritious and healthful. To learn more, visit Healthy Eating for a Healthy Weight.
If your goal is to prevent weight gain, then you'll want to choose foods that supply you with the appropriate number of calories to maintain your weight. This number varies from person to person. It depends on many factors, including your height, weight, age, sex, and activity level. For more, see Balancing Calories.

Get Moving!

In addition to a healthy eating plan, an active lifestyle will help you maintain your weight. By choosing to add more physical activity to your day, you'll increase the amount of calories your body burns. This makes it more likely you'll maintain your weight.

Although physical activity is an integral part of weight management, it's also a vital part of health in general. Regular physical activity can reduce your risk for many chronic diseases and it can help keep your body healthy and strong. To learn more about how physical activity can help you maintain a healthy weight, visit Physical Activity for Healthy Weight.

Self-monitoring

You may also find it helpful to weigh yourself on a regular basis. If you see a few pounds creeping on, take the time to examine your lifestyle. With these strategies, you make it more likely that you'll catch small weight gains more quickly.
Ask yourself—

• Has my activity level changed?
•  Am I eating more than usual? You may find it helpful to keep a food diary for a few days to make you more aware of your eating choices.

If you ask yourself these questions and find that you've decreased your activity level or made some poor food choices, make a commitment to yourself to get back on track. Set some reasonable goals to help you get more physical activity and make better food choices.



Resource: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/prevention/index.html

Top 10 Diets Review

With so many diet options to choose from it can be hard to find a weight loss plan that’s right for you. 

To help, the British Dietetic Association (BDA) looks at the pros and cons and gives its verdict on the 10 most searched-for commercial diets.

Dukan diet

The Dukan diet is a low-carbohydrate (carb), high-protein diet. There’s no limit to how much you can eat during the plan’s four phases, providing you stick to the rules of the plan. During phase one, you’re on a strict lean protein diet. This is based on a list of 72 reasonably low-fat protein-rich foods, such as chicken, turkey, eggs, fish and fat-free dairy. This is for an average of five days to achieve quick weight loss. Carbs are off limits except for a small amount of oat bran. Unlike the Atkins diet, Dukan’s phase one bans vegetables and seriously restricts fat. The next three phases of the plan see the gradual introduction of some fruit, veg and carbs and eventually all foods. The aim is gradual weight loss of up to 2lb a week and to promote long-term weight management. There’s no time limit to the final phase, which involves having a protein-only day once a week and taking regular exercise.
Pros:
You can lose weight very quickly, which can be motivating. It’s a very strict and prescriptive diet and some people like that. It’s easy to follow. You don’t need to weigh food or count calories. Apart from keeping to low-fat, low-salt and high-protein foods, there’s no restriction on how much you can eat during your first two weeks.
Cons:
At the start of the diet you may experience side effects such as bad breath, a dry mouth, tiredness, dizziness, insomnia and nausea from cutting out carbs. The lack of wholegrains, fruit and veg in the early stages of the diet could cause problems such as constipation.
BDA verdict:
Rapid weight loss can be motivating but it is unsustainable and unhealthy. The Dukan diet isn’t nutritionally balanced, which is acknowledged by the fact that you need a vitamin supplement and a fibre top up in the form of oat bran. There’s a danger this type of diet could increase your risk of long-term health problems if you don’t stick to the rules. The diet lacks variety in the initial phases so there’s a risk you’ll get bored quickly and give up.

Atkins diet

The Atkins diet is a low-carb, high-protein weight loss programme. You start with a low-carb diet designed for rapid weight loss. This lasts at least two weeks depending on your weight loss goal. During this phase, you’re on a protein, fat and very low-carb diet, including meat, seafood, eggs, cheese, some veg, butter and oils. In contrast to the Dukan diet, Atkins allows unlimited fat and some veg, such as peppers, cucumber and iceberg lettuce, during phase one. During the next three phases, the weight loss is likely to be more gradual, and regular exercise is encouraged. More carbs, fruit and veg are introduced to your diet with the aim of working out what your ideal carb intake is to maintain a healthy weight for life. Phase one is designed to help you lose up to 15lb in two weeks, reducing to 2lb to 3lb during phase two.
Pros:
You can lose weight very quickly, which can be motivating. The diet also encourages people to cut out most processed carbs and alcohol. With its diet of red meat, butter, cream, cheese and mayonnaise, it’s one of the few diets out there that appeals to men. 
Cons:
Initial side effects can include bad breath, a dry mouth, tiredness, dizziness, insomnia, nausea and constipation from cutting out carbs and fibre. The high intake of saturated fat may increase your risk of heart disease and there are concerns that a lack of fruit, veg and dairy products and a high protein intake may affect bone and kidney health in the long term.
BDA verdict:
Rapid weight loss can be motivating but it is unsustainable. The Atkins diet isn’t nutritionally balanced. By limiting fruit and veg it contradicts all the advice on healthy eating that we have tried so hard to pass on to people. The meal choices are limited so there’s a risk many people will get bored quickly and drop out or take a ‘pick and mix’ approach.

Cambridge diet

The Cambridge Weight Plans are based around buying and eating a range of meal-replacement products with the promise of rapid weight loss. There are six flexible diet plans ranging from 415kcal to 1,500kcal or more a day, depending on your weight loss goal. There is also a long-term weight management programme. The bars, soups, porridges and shakes can be used as your sole source of nutrition or together with low-calorie regular meals. While on the programme, you receive advice and support on healthy eating and exercise from a Cambridge adviser.
Pros:
Many people on very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) find the weight loss to be sudden and quite dramatic. The meal replacements are all nutritionally balanced so you're likely to be getting all the vitamins and minerals you need albeit not from real food.
Cons:
Initial side effects can include bad breath, a dry mouth, tiredness, dizziness, insomnia, nausea and constipation from cutting down on carbs and fibre. The hardest part of the plan is sticking to it. Giving up normal meals and swapping them for a snack bar or a shake can be boring and feel socially isolating. This isn’t a plan you can stick to in the long term.
BDA verdict:
You need to like the meal-replacement products to stay with the plan. Rapid weight loss can be motivating but it is unsustainable. A VLCD that involves eating 1,000 calories a day or fewer should not be followed for more than 12 continuous weeks. If you are eating fewer than 600 calories a day, you should have medical supervision.

South Beach Diet

The South Beach Diet is a low-GI diet originally developed for heart patients in the US. There’s no calorie counting and no limits on portions. You're encouraged to eat three meals and two snacks a day and follow an exercise plan. People who have more than 10lb to lose start with phase one. This is a two-week quick weight loss regime where you eat lean protein, including meat, fish and poultry, as well as some low-GI vegetables and unsaturated fats. Low-GI carbs are re-introduced during phases two and three, which encourage gradual and sustainable weight loss.
Pros:
If you can avoid phase one and start on phase two, there are fewer dietary restrictions in the rest of the plan than some other popular diets. After phase one, the diet broadly follows the basic principles of healthy eating. No major food groups are eliminated and plenty of fruit, veg and low-GI carbs are recommended.
Cons:
The severe dietary restrictions of phase one may leave you feeling weak and missing out on some vitamins, minerals and fibre. You may initially experience side effects such as bad breath, a dry mouth, tiredness, dizziness, insomnia, nausea and constipation.
BDA verdict:
The first two weeks are the most difficult to get through. We’re concerned that this diet promises such a large weight loss, up to 13lb, in the first two weeks. This, though, won't be all fat. Some of the weight loss will include water and carbs - both of which will be replaced when you begin eating more normally. Once you get past the initial phase, the diet follows the basic principles of healthy eating and should provide the nutrients you need to stay healthy.

Slimming World diet

Slimming World’s weight loss plan encourages you to swap high-fat foods for low-fat foods that are naturally filling. You choose your food from a list of low-fat foods they call 'Free Foods', such as fruit, vegetables, pasta, potatoes, rice, lean meat, fish and eggs, which you can eat in unlimited amounts. There’s no calorie counting, no foods are banned and you’re still allowed the occasional treat. You can get support from fellow slimmers at weekly group meetings and follow an exercise plan to become gradually more active. The plan is designed to help you lose about 1lb to 2lb a week.
Pros:
No foods are banned so meals offer balance and variety and are family-friendly. The portion size from each food group will vary depending which plan you follow. The 'Body Magic' booklet they provide gives ideas to help you raise your activity levels. Meeting as a group can provide valuable support.
Cons:
Slimming World doesn’t educate you about calories. Without having learned about calories and portion sizes, you may struggle to keep the weight off in the long term when you come off the programme.
BDA verdict:
The group meetings encourage members to share successes, ideas and recipes with each other but they may not appeal to everyone. While the meal plans may lack some flexibility, they are generally balanced. However, without learning about calories and portion sizes, you may struggle to make healthy choices once you’ve left the programme.

Slim-Fast diet

The Slim-Fast diet is a low-calorie meal replacement plan for people with a BMI of 25 and over. It uses Slim-Fast’s range of products. The plan recommends three snacks a day from an extensive list, including crisps and chocolate, two meal replacement shakes or bars and one regular meal, taken from a list of recipes on the Slim-Fast website. You can stay on the diet for as long as you want depending on your weight loss goal. Once reached, you’re advised to have one meal replacement shake a day, up to two low-fat snacks and two healthy meals. The plan is designed to help you lose about 1lb to 2lb a week and you can follow the diet for as long as you want.
Pros:
Meal-replacement diets can be effective at helping some people to lose weight and keep it off. The plan is convenient as the products take the guesswork out of portion control and calorie counting. No foods are forbidden although you are encouraged to eat lean protein, fruit and vegetables.
Cons:
On their own, meal-replacement diets do little to educate people about their eating habits and change their behaviour. There’s a risk of putting the weight back on again once you stop using the products. You may find it hard to get your 5 a day of fruit and veg without careful planning.
BDA verdict:
If you don’t like the taste of the meal replacement products, you won't stay with the plan. The Slim-Fast plan can be useful to kickstart your weight loss regime, but it’s important that you make full use of the online support to learn about the principles of healthy eating and how to manage everyday food and drink.

LighterLife diet

The LighterLife weight loss plans combine a very low-calorie meal-replacement diet with weekly counselling. With LighterLife Total, for people with a BMI of 30 or more, you eat four 'food packs' a day, consisting of shakes, soups, mousses or bars, and no conventional food. LighterLife Lite, for those with a BMI of 25-30, involves eating three food packs a day plus one meal from a list of approved foods. You stay on the plans until you reach your target weight. The meal plans can lead to very rapid weight loss and you’re advised to see your GP before starting. How long you stay on the diet depends on how much weight you have to lose.
Pros:
The counselling can help you understand your relationship with food, so hopefully you can make lasting changes to keep the weight off for good. With the meal replacements, there’s no weighing or measuring, so it’s a hassle-free approach to weight loss.
Cons:
Initial side effects of the diet can include bad breath, a dry mouth, tiredness, dizziness, insomnia, nausea and constipation from cutting down on carbs and fibre. Surviving on a strict diet of shakes and soups and other meal replacements isn’t much fun and can feel socially isolating.
BDA verdict:
Rapid weight loss can be motivating but it is unsustainable. LighterLife’s VLCD and its counselling component may work for some, particularly people who have struggled to lose weight for years, have health problems as a result of their weight and are clinically obese with a BMI of more than 30. A VLCD that involves eating 1,000 calories a day or fewer should not be followed for more than 12 continuous weeks. If you are eating fewer than 600 calories a day, you should have medical supervision.

WeightWatchers diet

The WeightWatchers plan is based on the ProPoints system, which gives a value to foods and drink based on protein, carbs, fat and fibre content. It is essentially a calorie-controlled diet where you get a personal daily ProPoints allowance, which you can use how you like. There’s no limit on the amount of fruit and most veg you can eat. You also get a weekly ProPoints safety net in case you go over your allowance, and an individual exercise plan. The weekly meetings and confidential weigh-ins provide support and extra motivation to encourage long-term behaviour change. The plan is designed to help you lose up to 2lb a week.
Pros:
No foods are banned so you can eat and drink what you want providing you stick to your points allowance. The ProPoints system is easier to follow for some than calorie-counting and less restrictive than other plans. This is because it introduces a safety net of points, which can be saved up for a special occasion, such as a night out, a small amount of alcohol or treats.
Cons:
When you begin, working out the points system can be just as time consuming as simply counting calories. Some people feel pressured into purchasing WeightWatchers branded foods.
BDA verdict:
The ProPoints plan is generally well balanced and can be a foundation for long-term changes in dietary habits. The support group approach can help keep people motivated and educate them about healthy eating. But it’s vital that you make the connection between the points system and calories if you want to avoid putting the weight back on once you leave the programme.

Rosemary Conley diet

Rosemary Conley’s Diet and Fitness plans combine a low-fat, low-GI diet with regular exercise. You can follow her recipes or buy from her range of calorie-controlled ready meals and snacks. You’re encouraged to eat food with 5% or less fat, with the exception of oily fish, porridge oats and lean meat. A network of local Rosemary Conley clubs offers weekly exercise classes, support and motivation. You learn about calorie counting and portion size, which can help you sustain your weight loss beyond the programme. The diet is designed to help you lose a stone in seven weeks. How long you stay on the plan depends on your weight loss goal. 
Pros:
The programme is based around calories, with a focus on cutting fat. The 'portion pots', which are used to measure foods such as rice, cereal, pasta and baked beans, teach you about portion control. Physical activity is an integral part of the weight loss plan, with exercise sessions suitable for all ages, sizes and abilities offered at their weekly classes with trained leaders.
Cons:
Some low-fat products aren't necessarily more healthy because they can still be high in sugar and calories. It is unrealistic to expect people to go out with their portion pots and, therefore, portion control may be more tricky away from the home.
BDA verdict:
The diet and exercise plans offer a balanced approach to weight loss that teaches you about portion size, the importance of regular exercise for weight management and making healthier choices. The educational element is very useful for long-term weight management once you have left the programme.

Jenny Craig diet

The Jenny Craig programme has three main features: one-to-one support, a meal delivery service and tailored exercise plans. The weekly, personalised telephone consultations provide advice, motivation and support. The diet adviser assesses your reasons for gaining weight and, over the course of the programme, helps you to change your behaviour. The meals and snacks are packed into single-sized portions to suit your weight-loss needs. You need to add certain fresh fruits, veg and low-fat dairy products. The programme is designed to help you lose between 1lb and 2lb a week until you reach your target weight.
Pros:
All the meals, including snacks, are calorie-counted, portion-controlled and delivered to your door. You eat real food, receive telephone support and learn about portion size, calories and exercise, which can all help you make healthier choices beyond the programme.
Cons:
The meals don’t contain fruit, veg or dairy, which will be an additional expense. This isn’t an approach that you can stick to in the long term so it’s vital to learn how to prepare or choose healthy food yourself rather than relying on someone else.
BDA verdict:
If you don’t like the Jenny Craig meals then this diet won’t work for you. If you want a diet where most of the work is done for you then the Jenny Craig programme can be a good solution. The concern with pre-packaged meals is whether dieters will realise there is no magic trick and be able to replicate the meals, with the same portion sizes and calories, once they are on their own.


Article Source:

http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/loseweight/Pages/top-10-most-popular-diets-review.aspx

Getting Started with Physical Activity for a Healthy Weight

Should I take any precautions before becoming more active?

People with chronic diseases, such as a heart condition, arthritis, diabetes, or high blood pressure, should talk to their doctor about what types and amounts of physical activity are appropriate.

Get Motivated!

If you've not been physically active in a while, you may be wondering how to get started again. Lace up those sneakers and find some motivating ideas here.

Here are some tips to help get you started:

• Look for opportunities to reduce sedentary time and to increase active time. For example, instead of watching TV, try taking a walk after dinner.
• Set aside specific times for physical activity in your schedule to make it part of your daily or weekly routine.
• Start with activities, locations, and times you enjoy. For example, some people might like walking in their neighborhood in the mornings; others might prefer an exercise class at a health club after work.
• Try activities with friends or family members to help with motivation and mutual encouragement.
• Start slowly and work your way up to more physically challenging activities. For many people, walking is a particularly good place to begin.
• When necessary, break up your daily activity goal into smaller amounts of time. For example, you could break the 30-minute a day recommendation into three 10-minute sessions or two 15-minute sessions. Just make sure the shorter sessions are at least 10 minutes long.

For many people, walking offers a great way to become more active. For some ideas on how to begin, see the walking plans at the following sites:

• Weight-control Information Network: Walking — A Step in the Right Direction
• American Heart Association: Why Start! Walking?

For more information about physical activity if you're overweight or obese, suggestions for initial  activities, and safety tips, see Active at Any Size.

Strategies for Overcoming Obstacles to Physical Activity

If you're just getting started, you might face certain obstacles that seem difficult to overcome. A few examples of common obstacles and strategies for overcoming them are shown in the following table.

Obstacle	Try This
I just don't have time to be physically active.	Identify available time slots. Monitor your daily activities for one week. Identify at least three 30-minute time slots you could use for physical activity.
I don't have anyone to go with me.	Develop new friendships with physically active people. Join a group, such as the YMCA or a hiking club.
I'm so tired when I get home from work.	Schedule physical activity for times in the day or week when you feel energetic.
I have so much on my "to do" list already, how can I do physical activity too?	Plan ahead. Make physical activity a regular part of your daily or weekly schedule by writing it on your calendar. Keep the appointment with yourself.
I'll probably hurt myself if I try to be more physically active.	Consult with a health professional or educational material to learn how to exercise appropriately considering your age, fitness level, skill level, and health status.
I'm not coordinated enough to be physically active. I can't learn something new at my age!	Select activities requiring no new skills, such as walking, climbing stairs, or jogging.
My job requires me to be on the road, it's impossible for me to exercise.	Stay in places with swimming pools or exercise facilities. Or find a DVD exercise tape that you enjoy and request a DVD player with your room.
I have small children and it's impossible to have time to myself for exercise.	Trade babysitting time with a friend, neighbor, or family member who also has small children. As children get older, family bike rides or walks might be another option.
Adapted from Physical Activity for Everyone: Making Physical Activity Part of Your Life: Overcoming Barriers to Physical Activity.

Want to learn more?

Physical Activity for a Healthy Weight
You are probably already aware that regular physical activity is important for good health, but did you know that it's especially important if you're trying to lose weight or to maintain a healthy weight?

Resources: Centers For Disease Control & Prevention http://www.cdc.gov

Measuring Physical Activity Intensity

Here are some ways to understand and measure the intensity of aerobic activity: relative intensity and absolute intensity.

Relative Intensity

The level of effort required by a person to do an activity. When using relative intensity, people pay attention to how physical activity affects their heart rate and breathing.

The talk test is a simple way to measure relative intensity. As a rule of thumb, if you're doing moderate-intensity activity you can talk, but not sing, during the activity. If you're doing vigorous-intensity activity, you will not be able to say more than a few words without pausing for a breath.

Absolute Intensity

The amount of energy used by the body per minute of activity. The table below lists examples of activities classified as moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity based upon the amount of energy used by the body while doing the activity.

Moderate Intensity

• Walking briskly (3 miles per hour or faster, but not race-walking)
• Water aerobics
• Bicycling slower than 10 miles per hour
• Tennis (doubles)
• Ballroom dancing
• General gardening

Vigorous Intensity

• Race walking, jogging, or running
• Swimming laps
• Tennis (singles)
• Aerobic dancing
• Bicycling 10 miles per hour or faster
• Jumping rope
• Heavy gardening (continuous digging or hoeing)
• Hiking uphill or with a heavy backpack

For more help with what counts as aerobic activity, watch this video: http://streaming.cdc.gov/vod.php?id=e6e0389dc5b6ce2438443ae0c848c2a320111024101650742

Resources: Centers For Disease Control & Prevention http://www.cdc.gov

Physical Activity for a Healthy Weight

Why is physical activity important?

Regular physical activity is important for good health, and it's especially important if you're trying to lose weight or to maintain a healthy weight.

• When losing weight, more physical activity increases the number of calories your body uses for energy or "burns off." The burning of calories through physical activity, combined with reducing the number of calories you eat, creates a "calorie deficit" that results in weight loss.
• Most weight loss occurs because of decreased caloric intake. However, evidence shows the only way to maintain weight loss is to be engaged in regular physical activity.
• Most importantly, physical activity reduces risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes beyond that produced by weight reduction alone.

Physical activity also helps to–

• Maintain weight.
• Reduce high blood pressure.
• Reduce risk for type 2 diabetes, heart attack, stroke, and several forms of cancer.
• Reduce arthritis pain and associated disability.
• Reduce risk for osteoporosis and falls.
• Reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.

 

How much physical activity do I need?

When it comes to weight management, people vary greatly in how much physical activity they need. Here are some guidelines to follow:
To maintain your weight: Work your way up to 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, or an equivalent mix of the two each week. Strong scientific evidence shows that physical activity can help you maintain your weight over time. However, the exact amount of physical activity needed to do this is not clear since it varies greatly from person to person. It's possible that you may need to do more than the equivalent of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week to maintain your weight.
To lose weight and keep it off: You will need a high amount of physical activity unless you also adjust your diet and reduce the amount of calories you're eating and drinking. Getting to and staying at a healthy weight requires both regular physical activity and a healthy eating plan.

What do moderate- and vigorous-intensity mean?

Moderate: While performing the physical activity, if your breathing and heart rate is noticeably faster but you can still carry on a conversation — it's probably moderately intense. Examples include—

• Walking briskly (a 15-minute mile).
• Light yard work (raking/bagging leaves or using a lawn mower).
• Light snow shoveling.
• Actively playing with children.
• Biking at a casual pace.

Vigorous: Your heart rate is increased substantially and you are breathing too hard and fast to have a conversation, it's probably vigorously intense. Examples include—

• Jogging/running.
• Swimming laps.
• Rollerblading/inline skating at a brisk pace.
• Cross-country skiing.
• Most competitive sports (football, basketball, or soccer).
• Jumping rope.

How many calories are used in typical activities?

The following table shows calories used in common physical activities at both moderate and vigorous levels.

Calories Used per Hour in Common Physical Activities
Moderate Physical Activity	Approximate Calories/30 Minutes for a 154 lb Person1	Approximate Calories/Hr for a 154 lb Person1
Hiking	185	370
Light gardening/yard work	165	330
Dancing	165	330
Golf (walking and carrying clubs)	165	330
Bicycling (<10 mph)	145	290
Walking (3.5 mph)	140	280
Weight lifting (general light workout)	110	220
Stretching	90	180
Vigorous Physical Activity	Approximate Calories/30 Minutes for a 154 lb Person1	Approximate Calories/Hr for a 154 lb Person1
Running/jogging (5 mph)	295	590
Bicycling (>10 mph)	295	590
Swimming (slow freestyle laps)	255	510
Aerobics	240	480
Walking (4.5 mph)	230	460
Heavy yard work (chopping wood)	220	440
Weight lifting (vigorous effort)	220	440
Basketball (vigorous)	220	440
1Calories burned per hour will be higher for persons who weigh more than 154 lbs (70 kg) and lower for persons who weigh less. Source: Adapted from Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005, page 16, Table 4.

To help estimate the intensity of your physical activity, see Measuring Physical Activity Intensity.

Want to learn more?

Getting Started with Physical Activity for a Healthy Weight
If you've not been physically active in a while, you may be wondering how to get started again. Lace up those sneakers and find some motivating ideas.

Resources: Centers For Disease Control & Prevention http://www.cdc.gov 

Keeping The Weight Off

If you've recently lost excess weight, congratulations! It's an accomplishment that will likely benefit your health now and in the future. Now that you've lost weight, let's talk about some ways to maintain that success.
The following tips are some of the common characteristics among people who have successfully lost weight and maintained that loss over time.¹

• Watch Your Diet
• Be Active
• Stay on Course

Watch Your Diet

• Follow a healthy and realistic eating pattern. You have embarked on a healthier lifestyle, now the challenge is maintaining the positive eating habits you've developed along the way. In studies of people who have lost weight and kept it off for at least a year, most continued to eat a diet lower in calories as compared to their pre-weight loss diet.² 
• Keep your eating patterns consistent. Follow a healthy eating pattern regardless of changes in your routine. Plan ahead for weekends, vacations, and special occasions. By making a plan, it is more likely you'll have healthy foods on hand for when your routine changes.
• Eat breakfast every day. Eating breakfast is a common trait among people who have lost weight and kept it off. Eating a healthful breakfast may help you avoid getting "over-hungry" and then overeating later in the day.

Be Active

• Get daily physical activity. People who have lost weight and kept it off typically engage in 60—90 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity most days of the week while not exceeding calorie needs. This doesn't necessarily mean 60—90 minutes at one time. It might mean 20—30 minutes of physical activity three times a day. For example, a brisk walk in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. Some people may need to talk to their healthcare provider before participating in this level of physical activity.

Stay on Course

• Monitor your diet and activity. Keeping a food and physical activity journal can help you track your progress and spot trends. For example, you might notice that your weight creeps up during periods when you have a lot of business travel or when you have to work overtime. Recognizing this tendency can be a signal to try different behaviors, such as packing your own healthful food for the plane and making time to use your hotel's exercise facility when you are traveling. Or if working overtime, maybe you can use your breaks for quick walks around the building.
• Monitor your weight. Check your weight regularly. When managing your weight loss, it's a good idea to keep track of your weight so you can plan accordingly and adjust your diet and exercise plan as necessary. If you have gained a few pounds, get back on track quickly.
• Get support from family, friends, and others. People who have successfully lost weight and kept it off often rely on support from others to help them stay on course and get over any "bumps." Sometimes having a friend or partner who is also losing weight or maintaining a weight loss can help you stay motivated.

Want to learn more?

Improving Your Eating Habits
Your eating habits may be leading to weight gain; for example, eating too fast, always clearing your plate, eating when you not hungry and skipping meals (or maybe just breakfast).
Physical Activity for a Healthy Weight
Regular physical activity is important for good health, and it's especially important if you're trying to lose weight or to maintain a healthy weight.

References

¹National Weight Control Registry The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) was developed to identify and investigate the characteristics of individuals who have succeeded at long-term weight loss. The NWCR is tracking over 5,000 individuals who have lost significant amounts of weight and kept it off for long periods of time.
²Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(suppl):222S-5S.

Resources: Centers For Disease Control & Prevention http://www.cdc.gov 

Improving Your Eating Habits

When it comes to eating, we have strong habits. Some are good ("I always eat breakfast"), and some are not so good ("I always clean my plate"). Although many of our eating habits were established during childhood, it doesn't mean it's too late to change them.
Making sudden, radical changes to eating habits such as eating nothing but cabbage soup, can lead to short term weight loss. However, such radical changes are neither healthy nor a good idea, and won't be successful in the long run. Permanently improving your eating habits requires a thoughtful approach in which you Reflect, Replace, and Reinforce.

• REFLECT on all of your specific eating habits, both bad and good; and, your common triggers for unhealthy eating.
• REPLACE your unhealthy eating habits with healthier ones.
• REINFORCE your new, healthier eating habits.

Reflect, Replace, Reinforce: A process for improving your eating habits

1. Create a list of your eating habits. Keeping a food diary for a few days, in which you write down everything you eat and the time of day you ate it, will help you uncover your habits. For example, you might discover that you always seek a sweet snack to get you through the mid-afternoon energy slump. It's good to note how you were feeling when you decided to eat, especially if you were eating when not hungry. Were you tired? Stressed out?
2. Highlight the habits on your list that may be leading you to overeat. Common eating habits that can lead to weight gain are:

• Eating too fast
• Always cleaning your plate
• Eating when not hungry
• Eating while standing up (may lead to eating mindlessly or too quickly)
• Always eating dessert
• Skipping meals (or maybe just breakfast)

3. Look at the unhealthy eating habits you've highlighted. Be sure you've identified all the triggers that cause you to engage in those habits. Identify a few you'd like to work on improving first. Don't forget to pat yourself on the back for the things you're doing right. Maybe you almost always eat fruit for dessert, or you drink low-fat or fat-free milk. These are good habits! Recognizing your successes will help encourage you to make more changes.
4. Create a list of "cues" by reviewing your food diary to become more aware of when and where you're "triggered" to eat for reasons other than hunger. Note how you are typically feeling at those times. Often an environmental "cue", or a particular emotional state, is what encourages eating for non-hunger reasons.
   
   Common triggers for eating when not hungry are:

• Opening up the cabinet and seeing your favorite snack food.
• Sitting at home watching television.
• Before or after a stressful meeting or situation at work.
• Coming home after work and having no idea what's for dinner.
• Having someone offer you a dish they made "just for you!"
• Walking past a candy dish on the counter.
• Sitting in the break room beside the vending machine.
• Seeing a plate of doughnuts at the morning staff meeting.
• Swinging through your favorite drive-through every morning.
• Feeling bored or tired and thinking food might offer a pick-me-up.

5. Circle the "cues" on your list that you face on a daily or weekly basis. Going home for the Thanksgiving holiday may be a trigger for you to overeat, and eventually, you want to have a plan for as many eating cues as you can. But for now, focus on the ones you face more often.
   
6. Ask yourself these questions for each "cue" you've circled:

• Is there anything I can do to avoid the cue or situation? This option works best for cues that don't involve others. For example, could you choose a different route to work to avoid stopping at a fast food restaurant on the way? Is there another place in the break room where you can sit so you're not next to the vending machine?
• For things I can't avoid, can I do something differently that would be healthier? Obviously, you can't avoid all situations that trigger your unhealthy eating habits, like staff meetings at work. In these situations, evaluate your options. Could you suggest or bring healthier snacks or beverages? Could you offer to take notes to distract your attention? Could you sit farther away from the food so it won't be as easy to grab something? Could you plan ahead and eat a healthy snack before the meeting?

7. Replace unhealthy habits with new, healthy ones. For example, in reflecting upon your eating habits, you may realize that you eat too fast when you eat alone. So, make a commitment to share a lunch each week with a colleague, or have a neighbor over for dinner one night a week. Other strategies might include putting your fork down between bites or minimizing other distractions (i.e. watching the news during dinner) that might keep you from paying attention to how quickly — and how much — you're eating.
   Here are more ideas to help you replace unhealthy habits:

• Eat more slowly. If you eat too quickly, you may "clean your plate" instead of paying attention to whether your hunger is satisfied.
• Eat only when you're truly hungry instead of when you are tired, anxious, or feeling an emotion besides hunger. If you find yourself eating when you are experiencing an emotion besides hunger, such as boredom or anxiety, try to find a non-eating activity to do instead. You may find a quick walk or phone call with a friend helps you feel better.
• Plan meals ahead of time to ensure that you eat a healthy well-balanced meal.

8. Reinforce your new, healthy habits and be patient with yourself. Habits take time to develop. It doesn't happen overnight. When you do find yourself engaging in an unhealthy habit, stop as quickly as possible and ask yourself: Why do I do this? When did I start doing this? What changes do I need to make? Be careful not to berate yourself or think that one mistake "blows" a whole day's worth of healthy habits. You can do it! It just takes one day at a time!

Want to learn more?

Losing Weight
What is healthy weight loss and why should you bother?
Getting Started
Check out some steps you can take to begin!
Keeping the Weight Off
Losing weight is the first step. Once you've lost weight, you'll want to learn how to keep it off.

Resources: Centers For Disease Control & Prevention http://www.cdc.gov 

Getting Started With Weight Loss

Losing weight takes more than desire. It takes commitment and a well-thought-out plan. Here's a step-by-step guide to getting started.

• Step 1: Make a commitment.
• Step 2: Take stock of where you are.
• Step 3: Set realistic goals.
• Step 4: Identify resources for information and support.
• Step 5: Continually "check in" with yourself to monitor your progress.

Step 1: Make a commitment.

Making the decision to lose weight, change your lifestyle, and become healthier is a big step to take. Start simply by making a commitment to yourself. Many people find it helpful to sign a written contract committing to the process. This contract may include things like the amount of weight you want to lose, the date you'd like to lose the weight by, the dietary changes you'll make to establish healthy eating habits, and a plan for getting regular physical activity.

Writing down the reasons why you want to lose weight can also help. It might be because you have a family history of heart disease, or because you want to see your kids get married, or simply because you want to feel better in your clothes. Post these reasons where they serve as a daily reminder of why you want to make this change.

Step 2: Take stock of where you are.

Consider talking to your health care provider. He or she can evaluate your height, weight, and explore other weight-related risk factors you may have. Ask for a follow-up appointment to monitor changes in your weight or any related health conditions.

Keep a "food diary" for a few days, in which you write down everything you eat. By doing this, you become more aware of what you are eating and when you are eating. This awareness can help you avoid mindless eating.

Next, examine your current lifestyle. Identify things that might pose challenges to your weight loss efforts. For example, does your work or travel schedule make it difficult to get enough physical activity? Do you find yourself eating sugary foods because that's what you buy for your kids? Do your coworkers frequently bring high-calorie items, such as doughnuts, to the workplace to share with everyone? Think through things you can do to help overcome these challenges.

Finally, think about aspects of your lifestyle that can help you lose weight. For example, is there an area near your workplace where you and some coworkers can take a walk at lunchtime? Is there a place in your community, such as a YMCA, with exercise facilities for you and child care for your kids?

Step 3: Set realistic goals.

Set some short-term goals and reward your efforts along the way. If your long-term goal is to lose 40 pounds and to control your high blood pressure, some short-term eating and physical activity goals might be to start eating breakfast, taking a 15 minute walk in the evenings, or having a salad or vegetable with supper.

Focus on two or three goals at a time. Great, effective goals are —

• Specific
• Realistic
• Forgiving (less than perfect)

For example, "Exercise More" is not a specific goal. But if you say, "I will walk 15 minutes, 3 days a week for the first week," you are setting a specific and realistic goal for the first week.

Remember, small changes every day can lead to big results in the long run. Also remember that realistic goals are achievable goals. By achieving your short-term goals day-by-day, you'll feel good about your progress and be motivated to continue. Setting unrealistic goals, such as losing 20 pounds in 2 weeks, can leave you feeling defeated and frustrated.

Being realistic also means expecting occasional setbacks. Setbacks happen when you get away from your plan for whatever reason – maybe the holidays, longer work hours, or another life change. When setbacks happen, get back on track as quickly as possible. Also take some time to think about what you would do differently if a similar situation happens, to prevent setbacks.

Keep in mind everyone is different – what works for someone else might not be right for you. Just because your neighbor lost weight by taking up running, doesn't mean running is the best option for you. Try a variety of activities – walking, swimming, tennis, or group exercise classes to see what you enjoy most and can fit into your life. These activities will be easier to stick with over the long term.

Step 4: Identify resources for information and support.

Find family members or friends who will support your weight loss efforts. Making lifestyle changes can feel easier when you have others you can talk to and rely on for support. You might have coworkers or neighbors with similar goals, and together you can share healthful recipes and plan group exercise.

Joining a weight loss group or visiting a health care professional such as a registered dietitian, can help.

Step 5: Continually "check in" with yourself to monitor your progress.

Revisit the goals you set for yourself (in Step 3) and evaluate your progress regularly. If you set a goal to walk each morning but are having trouble fitting it in before work, see if you can shift your work hours or if you can get your walk in at lunchtime or after work. Evaluate which parts of your plan are working well and which ones need tweaking. Then rewrite your goals and plan accordingly.

If you are consistently achieving a particular goal, add a new goal to help you continue on your pathway to success.

Reward yourself for your successes! Recognize when you're meeting your goals and be proud of your progress. Use non-food rewards, such as a bouquet of freshly picked flowers, a sports outing with friends, or a relaxing bath. Rewards help keep you motivated on the path to better health.

Want to learn more?

Losing Weight
What is healthy weight loss and why should you bother?
Improving Your Eating Habits
Your eating habits may be leading to weight gain; for example, eating too fast, always clearing your plate, eating when you're not hungry and skipping meals (or maybe just breakfast).
Keeping the Weight Off
Losing weight is the first step. Once you've lost weight, you'll want to learn how to keep it off.

Resources: Centers For Disease Control & Prevention http://www.cdc.gov 

Losing Weight

What is healthy weight loss?

It's natural for anyone trying to lose weight to want to lose it very quickly. But evidence shows that people who lose weight gradually and steadily (about 1 to 2 pounds per week) are more successful at keeping weight off. Healthy weight loss isn't just about a "diet" or "program". It's about an ongoing lifestyle that includes long-term changes in daily eating and exercise habits.
To lose weight, you must use up more calories than you take in. Since one pound equals 3,500 calories, you need to reduce your caloric intake by 500—1000 calories per day to lose about 1 to 2 pounds per week.¹
Once you've achieved a healthy weight, by relying on healthful eating and physical activity most days of the week (about 60—90 minutes, moderate intensity), you are more likely to be successful at keeping the weight off over the long term.
Losing weight is not easy, and it takes commitment. But if you're ready to get started, we've got a step-by-step guide to help get you on the road to weight loss and better health.

Even Modest Weight Loss Can Mean Big Benefits

The good news is that no matter what your weight loss goal is, even a modest weight loss, such as 5 to 10 percent of your total body weight, is likely to produce health benefits, such as improvements in blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugars.²
For example, if you weigh 200 pounds, a 5 percent weight loss equals 10 pounds, bringing your weight down to 190 pounds. While this weight may still be in the "overweight" or "obese" range, this modest weight loss can decrease your risk factors for chronic diseases related to obesity.

So even if the overall goal seems large, see it as a journey rather than just a final destination. You'll learn new eating and physical activity habits that will help you live a healthier lifestyle. These habits may help you maintain your weight loss over time.
In addition to improving your health, maintaining a weight loss is likely to improve your life in other ways. For example, a study of participants in the National Weight Control Registry found that those who had maintained a significant weight loss reported improvements in not only their physical health, but also their energy levels, physical mobility, general mood, and self-confidence.

Want to learn more?

Getting Started
Check out our step-by-step guide to help you get on the road to weight loss and better health.
Improving Your Eating Habits
Your eating habits may be leading to weight gain; for example, eating too fast, always clearing your plate, eating when you not hungry and skipping meals (or maybe just breakfast).
Keeping the Weight Off
Losing weight is the first step. Once you've lost weight, you'll want to learn how to keep it off.

References

¹DHHS, AIM for a Healthy Weight, page 5. Available online:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/aim_hwt.pdf

²Reference for 5%: Blackburn G. (1995). Effect of degree of weight loss on health benefits. Obesity Research 3: 211S-216S. 2 Reference for 10%: NIH, NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Available online: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf

Resources: Centers For Disease Control & Prevention http://www.cdc.gov  

Does the 5:2 intermittent fasting diet work?

Note – this article, originally written in January 2013, was updated in May 2013.

The 5:2 diet is an increasingly popular diet plan with a flurry of newspaper articles and books being published on it in the run up to Christmas 2012 and in January 2013.
The diet first reached the mainstream via a BBC Horizon documentary called Eat, Fast and Live Longer, broadcast in August 2012.
The 5:2 diet is based on a principle known as intermittent fasting (IF) – where you eat normally at certain times and then fast during other times.
The 5:2 diet is relatively straightforward – you eat normally five days a week, and fast on the other two days.

Champions of the 5:2 diet claim that other than helping people lose weight, 5:2 diet can bring other significant health benefits, including:

• increased life-span
• improved cognitive function and protection against conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
• protection from disease

However the body of evidence about 5:2 diet and intermittent fasting is limited when compared to other types of weight loss techniques.

What we don’t know about intermittent fasting

Despite its increasing popularity, there is a great deal of uncertainty about IF with significant gaps in the evidence.
For example, it is unclear:

• what pattern of IF is the most effective in improving health outcomes – 5:2, alternative day fasting, or something else entirely different
• what is the optimal calorie consumption during the fasting days – the 5:2 diet recommends 500 calories for women and 600 for men, but these recommendations seem arbitrary without clear evidence to support them
• how sustainable is IF in the long-term – would most people be willing to stick with the plan for the rest of their lives?

Are there any side-effects from intermittent fasting?

Little is known about possible side-effects as no systematic attempt has been made to study this issue. Anecdotal reports of effects include:

• difficulties sleeping
• bad breath (a known problem with low carbohydrate diets)
• irritability
• anxiety
• dehydration
• daytime sleepiness

However, more research would be needed to confirm these side-effects and their severity.
If you are fasting, you may want to think about how fasting will impact on your life during your fasting days. You are likely to be very hungry and have less energy and this could affect your ability to function (such as at work), in particular it may affect your ability to exercise which is an important part of maintaining a healthy weight.
Also, IF may not be suitable for pregnant women and people with specific health conditions, such as diabetes, or a history of eating disorders.
Because it is a fairly radical approach to weight loss, if you are considering trying IF for yourself, it is wise to speak to your GP first to see if it is safe to do so.

Evidence about the 5:2 diet

Despite its popularity evidence directly assessing the 5:2 model of intermittent fasting is limited.
But since this article was originally written in January 2013 we have been alerted to research, led by Dr Michelle Harvie, which did look at the 5:2 model.
In one study carried out in 2010 the researchers did find that women placed on a 5:2 diet achieved similar levels of weight loss as women placed on a calorie controlled diet.
They also experienced reductions in a number of biological indicators (biomarkers) that suggest a reduction in the risk of developing chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
A further study in 2012 suggested that the 5:2 model may help lower the risk of certain obesity-related cancers, such as breast cancer.
The increasing popularity of the 5:2 diet should lead to further research of this kind.

Evidence about other forms of IF

There is some degree of evidence about the potential benefits of other forms of IF – albeit with some limitations.
It should be stressed that our assessment of the evidence was confined to entering a number of keywords into Google Scholar and then looking at a small number of studies which we felt would be useful to explore further.
We did not carry out a systematic review (though arguably, it would be useful for researchers to do so). So the information provided below should be taken in the spirit of us trying to provide an introduction to some of the evidence and science of IF – not an exhaustive 'last word' on the topic.

Is there any evidence that intermittent fasting aids weight-loss?
One of the most recent pieces of research on intermittent fasting is a 2012 study which recruited 30 obese women known to have pre-existing risk factors for heart disease.
After an initial two week period they were then given a combination diet of low calorie liquid meals for six days of a week (similar to Slim Fast diet products) and then asked to fast for one day a week (comsuming no more than 120 calories).
After eight weeks, on average, the women lost around 4kg (8.8lb) in weight and around 6cm (2.3 inches) off their waist circumference.
However, there are a number of limitations to consider when looking at this as evidence that it might be a generally beneficial thing to do for most ordinary people, including that:

• These women may have had increased motivation to stick with the diet because they knew their weight would be monitored (this is a psychological effect that slimming clubs make use of).
• The women had been told that they were at risk of heart disease. It is uncertain how well most of us would cope with such as extreme diet.
• The follow-up period was short – just two months. It is not clear whether this diet would be sustainable in the long-term or whether it could cause any side effects.
• 30 people is quite a small sample size. A much larger sample – including men – is required to see if intermittent fasting would be effective in most overweight or obese people.

Is there any evidence intermittent fasting increases life-span?
There is quite a wide range of work on the effects of IF on combating the effects of aging, but almost all of these studies involved either rats, mice or monkeys. One big problem with studies in animals – particularly rodents – is that they are only expected to live for a few years, this makes them ideal subjects for longevity studies. However, to carry out similar, more useful experiments in humans, requires decades-long research to gain credible results.
In an unsystematic look at the evidence, we find only one study involving humans: a 2006 review of an experiment actually carried out in 1957 in Spain.
In this 1957 study, 120 residents of an old people’s home were split into two groups (it is unclear from the study whether this was done at random). The first group (the control group) ate a normal diet. The second group (the IF group) ate a normal diet one day and then a restricted diet (estimated to be around 900 calories) the next.
After three years there were 13 deaths in the control group and only six deaths in the IF group.
This study is again limited by the small sample size meaning that the differences in death are more likely to be the results of a statistical fluke. Also, many experts would feel uneasy about issuing dietary guidelines based on a study over half a century old with unclear methods. It is unlikely that this experiment could be repeated today – denying food to elderly people in residential care is unlikely to be looked at kindly by an ethics committee.

Is there any evidence intermittent fasting prevents cognitive decline?
It seems that all of the studies on the supposed protective effects of IF against conditions that can cause a decline in cognitive function (such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease) involve animals.
For example, a 2006 study involved mice that had been genetically engineered to develop changes in brain tissue similar to those seen in people with Alzheimer’s disease.
Mice on an IF diet appeared to experience a slower rate of cognitive decline than mice on a normal diet (cognitive function was assessed using a water maze test).
While the results of these animals tests are certainly intriguing, animal studies have inherent limitations. We can never be sure that the results will be applicable in humans.

Is there any evidence intermittent fasting prevent diseases?
Much of the published research into the potential preventative effects of IF involve measuring biological markers associated with chronic disease, such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) – known to be associated with cancer.
Using these kinds of biological surrogates is a legitimate way to carry out research, but they do not guarantee successful real-world outcomes.
For example, some medications that were found to lower blood-pressure readings taken in laboratory conditions failed to prevent strokes once they had been introduced for use in the healthcare of patients in the world.
A 2007 clinical review looking at the effects of IF in humans in terms of ‘real-world’ health outcomes concluded that IF (specifically, alternative day fasting) may have a protective effect against heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer. However, it concluded ‘more research is required to establish definitively the consequences of ADF (alternative day fasting)’.

Conclusion

Compared to other types of weight loss programmes the evidence base of the safety and effectiveness of the 5:2 diet is limited.
If you are considering it then you should first talk to your GP to see if it is suitable for you. Not everyone can safely fast.
Other methods of weight loss include:

• eating a healthy balanced diet with at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day
• taking regular exercise
• quitting smoking if you smoke
• drinking alcohol in moderation

Article Created & Edited by NHS Choices  http://www.nhs.uk/news/Pages/NewsIndex.aspx.

Links to the headlines

The power of intermittent fasting. BBC News, August 5 2012
The 5:2 diet: can it help you lose weight and live longer? The Daily Telegraph, August 16 2012

Links to the science

Harvie M, Howell A. Energy restriction and the prevention of breast cancer. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Published online March 12 2012
Harvie M, Pegington M, Mattson MP, et al. The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomised trial in young overweight women. International Journal of Obesity. Published online October 5 2010
Kroeger CM, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, et al. Improvement in coronary heart disease risk factors during an intermittent fasting/calorie restriction regimen: Relationship to adipokine modulations (PDF, 291.4Kb). Nutrition & Metabolism. Published online October 31 2012
Johnson JB, Laub DR, John S. The effect on health of alternate day calorie restriction: Eating less and more than needed on alternate days prolongs life (PDF, 64.66Kb). Medical Hypothesis. Published online 2006
Halagappa VKM, Guo Z, Pearson M, et al. Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction ameliorate age-related behavioral deficits in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (PDF, 843.1Kb). Neurobiology of Disease. Published online January 13 2007
Varady KA, Hellerstein MK, et al. Alternate-day fasting and chronic disease prevention: a review of human and animal trials (PDF, 118.6KB). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Published online 2007 

Why You Should Exercise

A lot of people need to follow an exercise program, in order to remain healthy.  Below, you'll find several good reasons why you should start exercising now.

1.  Contributes to fat loss

It is well proven from scientific research all over the world that physical exercise contributes to weight loss.  If you burn more calories than you consume through nutrition, you'll lose weight.  When you exercise, you burn more calories than when you don't.  It's really simple - the more you exercise, the more weight or fat you'll lose.

2.  Prevent disease

The chances of developing several various diseases has been proven to decrease when exercising.  These diseases include heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and the stroke.

Around 4 out of 5 deaths caused by heart disease and cancer, are linked to factors that include stress and lack of exercise.  We all know that diabetes increases the chance for heart attacks and strokes. What this shows, is that many of the risk factors and diseases caused by not exercising are working in conjunction to damage your health.  To prevent this from happening, start exercising.

3.  Improving disease

Many severe and minor diseases can be improved or even healed through regular exercise. These even include the diseases listed above.  By following a regular plan, you can also decrease HDL cholesterol levels, decrease triglyceride levels, and decrease your blood pressure as well.

Exercising on a regular basis will also reduce the risk of prostate cancer for men, breast and uterine cancer for women, and much more.  All of this is scientifically proven, which is why you should start exercising today.

4.  Enhance your state of mind

Everyone knows from the many scientific studies that regular exercising will lead to an increased release of endorphins in the body.  These chemicals will fight depression and make you feel happy.  The body releases these endorphins only 12 minutes into the workout.

There is another chemical known as serotonin that is increased during and after a workout. The increased levels of serotonin in the central nervous system is associated with feelings of well being and decreased mental depression. The chemical can also help you sleep better at night.

5.  Enhance your wellness

When you are in great shape and well fit, you'll have more energy and you'll notice that your overall mood is improved.  You will have experienced that you can stretch beyond your own limits and you know that you can do more than you thought possible.

6.  Persistence

Exercising regularly will give you more energy, which can help you be more productive at home and at work.  Exercising can help give your new goals a sense of purpose and give you something to focus on and aim for.  This can help you increase your persistence and prevent you from going off track while you aim for your goal.

7.  Social capabilities

After a workout on a regular basis you can boost your self esteem.  This can help you look better and you'll be more comfortable as well.  Exercise will also help you to become more active and meet new people, which will prevent you from feeling isolated and unsupported.  Exercise will also increase your interests in sex, and can help you to improve your marriage or your partner relationship.



After knowing all of these tips and reasons to exercise, you shouldn't hesitate to get out there and exercise.  You can exercise at home or go out there and join a gym.  There are several different ways that you can exercise, all you have to do is select a few that you like.  Take a little bit of time out of your day and start exercising - you'll feel better than ever before and your body will thank you.

Diets that don't work

Avoid these five types of diets for best weight loss results, experts say.

 

By Kathleen M. Zelman, MPH, RD, LD
WebMD Feature

Medically Reviewed by Dr Rob Hicks http://www.webmd.boots.com/rob-hicks

"Eat what you want, when you want, and watch the pounds disappear!" You've heard of them, maybe even tried them: miraculous-sounding diets that claim to shed kilos with minimal effort. There are hundreds of these quick-fix diets out there, from the grapefruit diet to the detox diet to the "caveman" diet. How do you tell legitimate weight loss plans from diets that don't work?
One reason's it's so hard to tell the difference is that even the worst diets will probably result in weight loss. Don't be fooled into thinking weight loss can be achieved because of some magical food, pill or potion. What causes weight loss is eating fewer calories than you burn. Ridiculous, unbalanced diets cause weight loss because they are basically low-calorie diets.
After a few weeks on an unrealistic diet, dieters usually become frustrated and give up. This leads to feelings of failure that can help send them right back to their unhealthy lifestyles.
" Fad diets not only fail to produce long-term weight loss, they can lead to deprivation, weight gain, and discouragement", says Dr Michelle May, author of Am I Hungry? What to Do When Diets Don't Work. “ In other words, you are often worse off than before you started".

The worst diets ever

Experts have identified five types of diet that are unlikely to produce long-term results for most people. 

1. Diets that focus on only a few foods or food groups (like the cabbage soup diet, grapefruit diet, strict vegan diets, raw food diets, and many low-carb diets).
Beware of any diet that rules out entire food groups.  People need to eat from a variety of food groups to get all the nutrients they need.
Although some restrictive diets do work initially, they fail long term. You can lose weight on diets that focus on single foods, like cabbage soup, but how much cabbage soup can a person eat?  Before long, you grow weary of eating the same foods every day and cravings for favourite foods lead you back to your former eating behaviour.
Keep in mind that all foods can fit into a healthy lifestyle in moderation, even things like bacon and ice cream. And when diets forbid certain foods and dieters envisage a life without their favourite treats, those diets usually fail.

2. "Detox" diets.  (Extreme regimes calling for procedures like liver flushes, bodily cleanses, colonics, or hormone injections).
“All the flushes and cleanses are pure nonsense, unnecessary, and there is no scientific basis for these recommendations", says Dr Pamela Peeke, chief medical correspondent for the Discovery Health channel.  "Your body is well equipped with organs, such as the liver and kidneys, and the immune system, to rid itself of potential toxins and does an excellent job of cleansing itself without needing flushes or cleanses".

3. Diets with "miracle" foods or ingredients (like supplements, fructose water, bitter orange, green tea, or apple cider vinegar).
Dieters are always searching for the food, pill, or potion that will help them lose weight, but unfortunately, there are no such miracle ingredients. In reality, no one single food, or group of foods, eaten together or at a certain time of day has any impact on weight loss.
Be wary of any plan that recommends a shelf full of supplements, enzymes, or potions, these can be expensive and may well offer no benefit.

4. Fasting and very low-calorie diets.
Fasting has been a cultural and religious tradition for centuries, and is fine for a day or so, but fasting for weight loss is counterproductive. When you consume too few calories, your body thinks it is starving and adjusts your metabolism. When you go back to eating normally, your metabolism doesn't readjust and therefore you need fewer calories than before, so you swing between losing weight and putting it back on again, otherwise known as the yo-yo syndrome.
What's worse, weight loss during a fast is usually a combination of fat, fluid, and muscle, but the pounds regained will probably be all fat.  Not convinced yet? Experts say you won't feel good, nor will you have much energy to be physically active while fasting.
What about very low-calorie diets? These may result in impressive weight loss at the beginning but this will slow over time as weight loss averages out.

5. Diets that sound too good to be true.
If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Diet plans that claim to have a "secret", that make dramatic statements against respected health authorities, or make recommendations that contradict those of scientific organisations are suspect.

Finding a diet that works

There is no such thing as one size fits all when it comes to diet plans, and it's important to find one that fits your lifestyle. The best diet is one you can safely and realistically stick with for the long term, plain and simple.
It should be flexible enough to fit in with your lifestyle and should encourage healthier eating by focusing on balance, variety and moderation.
In fact, the best "diet" may not be a diet at all.  Instead, think about strategies to satisfy your hunger for fewer calories. Eating more fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help manage your appetite.

Here a two top tips for weight loss.

1. Take stock of what you're doing now and identify your "weakest link". Most people know immediately where they are vulnerable, mid-afternoon snacking, large portions, too much alcohol, a sweet tooth, or snacking all day long.  Try to identify what led to your weight gain and address it. For example, if you overeat because of stress, consider a stress management course. Develop a strategy to address areas where you're vulnerable so you can set yourself up for success.
2. Identify one to three small changes you can make straight away in your diet and exercise habits.  Reassess in a few weeks to see whether your changes are working; then make a few more small changes. Expect to see significant changes in around 12 weeks.

Article Source: http://www.webmd.boots.com

SOURCES:
Dawn Jackson Blatner, RD, LD, spokeswoman, American Dietetic Association.
Dr Michelle May, author, Am I Hungry?What to Do When Diets Don't Work.
Dr David Katz, associate professor, Yale University School of Public Health; author, The Flavor Point Diet.
Dr Pamela Peeke, chief medical correspondent, Discovery Health channel; author, Body for Life for Women.
Andrea Giancoli, MPH, RD, spokeswoman, American Dietetic Association.
Top Ten Red Flags of Junk Science, the Food and Nutrition Science Alliance,1995.

Reviewed on January 17, 2012

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